Footnotes and Endnotes free essay sample

Manuscripts, consist of typewritten or hand written matter that is prepared for such purposes as making reports, delivering speeches and lectures, supplying copy for printing, etc, (Althols, 1962). Some forms of manuscripts are term papers, research reports, theses, dissertations, essays, articles, stories, books and various kinds of business and legal papers. Typing manuscripts is not a simple matter of fast and accurate copying, especially where there are citations, references and footnotes. The typist needs to understand what is to be typed and should plan the copy for the specific purpose it is to serve. When typing formal manuscripts or technical reports, it is important that the typist should refer to manuals of goods style prepared by authorities in this matter (Turabian and Campbell, 1967 and 1954). Reference manuals for stenographers and typist or standard handbook for secretaries will also be of great help. The typist should follow the standard rules and suggestions in these manuals for uniformity of spacing, margins, pagination, footnoting, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Footnotes and Endnotes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Footnoting. Explanatory notations at the bottom of the page used to cite an authority, to make incidental comments, to make cross-reference, or to make acknowledgements are called footnotes, (Turabian, 1967). These footnotes are indicated by typing a superior (raised) figure immediately following the materials for which a reference is given. Turabian explains that these figures should be â€Å"elevated slightly above the line (but never a full space above it), and set after punctuations, if any. this can be done by rolling the cylinder toward you a half space and holding it in position as the superior figure is typed or use the selling by the computer system to write the footnote. Footnotes are separated from the last line of manuscript as follows. Typing Manuscripts with Footnotes and Endnotes After typing the last manuscript line, single space and, with the underline key type a 1 ? inch line from the left margin. Double space, indent the left margin to paragraph point, type the ap propriate superscript, and then, without spacing type the footnote single spaced. Double space between footnotes. Footnotes in a manuscript numbered consecutively, either for each chapter or continuously throughout the manuscript and are identical with the reference numbers. (Campbell, 1954). Footnotes and Endnotes are used to give credit to source of any materials borrowed. summarized or paraphrased. They are intended to refer readers to the exact pages of the works listed in the Works Cited, References, or Bibliography section. The main difference between Footnotes and Endnotes is that Footnotes are placed numerically at the foot of the very same page where direct references are made; while Endnotes are placed numerically at the end of the essay on a separate page entitles Endnotes or Notes. If you are still using a typewriter, a superscript number is typed half a space above the line after the last word of the citation, e. g. , â€Å"The Information Superhighway is giving way to a Commercial Superhighway. â€Å"1 If you are using a word processor, you can access the superscript function. To type a Footnote citation, the same superscript number is put at the beginning of the Footnote at the bottom of the same page where the citation occurs. When monitoring a work for the first time, a full and complete Footnote or Endnote entry must be made. NOTE: Only one sentence is used a Footnote or Endnote citation, i. e. , only one period or full stop is used at the end of any Footnotes or Endnote citation. In a Bibliography, each citation consists of a minimum of three statements or sentence, hence each entry requires a Typing Manuscripts with Footnotes and Endnotes inimum of three periods, e. g. , a period after the author statement, a period the title statement, and a period after the publication statement (publication/publisher/publication date). If you indent your paragraphs, the entire essay is typed double-spaced. Title of essay centered, 1† (2. 5 cm) margin on all four sides, page number at upper right hand corner ? † (1. 25 cm) down from the top. If your ins tructor prefers that you do not indent your paragraphs, you must still double-space your lines, but you will need to quadruple-space between paragraphs. Endnotes must be listed numerically and consecutively, both in your essay and in your Endnote citation. Endnote numbers must be superscripted. In your text, add a superscripted number immediately after the quote or reference cited with no space. Endnotes. Endnotes must be added on a separate Endnotes or Notes page at the end of your essay just before the Works Cited or Bibliography page. All first Endnote references must be cited in full. Subsequent references of the same work may be shorted to include only the author’s last name and page number. If the source cited has no author stated, use whatever minimal information is needed to identify the same work previously cited, e. g. , short title and page number. Formerly, the Latin terms ibid. and op. cit. were used but they are no longer preferred. It is recommended that you use Endnote in place of Footnotes. This will eliminate the need to allow sufficient space to accommodate all the required Footnote entries at the bottom of the same page where your citations occur. If your instructor has no preference, use the much simpler Parenthetical Documentation in place of Footnotes or Endnotes. Typing Manuscripts with Footnotes and Endnotes Spacing. The standard rule for typing the main body of a manuscript or report is double spacing unless there is an special reason for single spacing it. Triple spacing is used before and after the main heading while side headings (blocked and capitals are preceded by a triple space (2 blank lines) and followed by a double space (1 blank line). Single spacing is used for listings, enumerations, long quotations, footnotes, and other displays. Direct quotation of not more than three typewritten lines in length is run into the text and typed double spaced. A long direct quotation is typed single spaced. (Row, 1963) explain it this way: A quotation of three or fewer lines of typing is displayed simply for being typed within quotation marks, but a longer quotation is given special display. It is single spaced and indented five spaces from regular margins on both sides. Margins. Unbounded manuscripts whose pages are not going to be fastened (like reports or articles for publication) are usually typed with at least one-inch on all sides. On the first page, however, an extra inch at the top is provided so that the top margin falls two inches deep. With top-bound pages, the top margin on all pages, except the first, is increased by one-half inch. With a side binding, the left margin is increased by one-half inch on all pages. Thus, on a side-bounded page the center of typed line moves to the right of actual center one-half the number of spaces left for the binding. Pagination. Every page in a manuscript is assigned a number although not indicated on every page. For example, the first page, (where the title appears or the beginning of a chapter) no page figure is typed but a number is allowed for that page. The page number is usually typed one-half Typing Manuscripts with Footnotes and Endnotes or one inch form the top edge, aligned with the right margin and opposite the running head, if there is no running head, the page number is usually placed at the center of the page. Top-bound manuscript is usually placed at the center of the page. Top-bound manuscript is usually numbered at the center, one or one-half inch at the bottom of the page. Typing Aids. In typing manuscripts with footnotes, special care should be exercised so that all the footnotes corresponding to the references that appear on the page are accommodated on the same page. This can be facilitated with the use of typing aids. Some typists make a light pencil mark about an inch from the bottom of the page before they begin to type (Beamer, Marshall Hanne and Popham, 1962). This warning line indicates to the typist that he should stop typing on that page to allow for an adequate bottom margin. If a footnote must be placed on the page, the pencil mark can easily be raised three or four lines to indicate the point where the footnotes begins. The typist must remember to erase these marks after he removes the sheet of paper or carbon pack from the typewriter. Another typing aid is the use of a special guide sheet (Turabian). This may be made of an onion skin or a very thin type of paper and placed between the original copy and first sheet of carbon paper. It is cut the same length as the typing paper but extending one-half inch to the right where the numbers to indicate the line of writing are typed. It may be typed in either black or red latters. (Lessenberry, 1965) , the â€Å"page-end indicator† – an enumerated backing sheet that is placed back of and extending slightly to the right of a full sheet (or carbon pack) to indicate at any time the page line being typed (Ibid). Typing Manuscripts with Footnotes and Endontes A simple and practical backing-sheet guide may be made as follows: 1. At the top right edge of a whole sheet, count numbers 1 to 13, downward. Mark every half inch. These marks will serve as a guide for determining the starting point for the page margins of the manuscripts being typed. 2. One inch from the bottom of the page, type â€Å"STOP† a warning to insure a bottom margin of at least one inch. From this point, type lines 1 to 15 upward. This will indicate the number of writing lines available for typing the footnotes corresponding to reference on that page. Abbreviations used in Footnotes. Some footnotes are abbreviated to avoid typing several times a reference already used. For example, if a reference is the same as the ones immediately preceding, the abbreviation, (in the same place) is used, with the volume and page reference if they are different (Stuart, 1948) Further explanation of this term by Lessenberry and Wanous is quoted as follows: When two footnotes contain reference to the same work and one follows the other without any intervening footnote, use Ibid. the abbreviation for Ibidem (in the same place) (Lessenberry and Wanous) and the exact page number for the second footnote. When a footnote refers to the same work previously cited but of a different page and the intervention of one or two footnotes, use the author’s name and the notation op, cit (the abbreviation from the Latin opere citato meaning in the work cited) plus the page number. The name of the publication and other identifying date need not be repeated (Loc. Cit) When a footnote refers exactly to the same matter covered by a reference previously cited and the footnotes are in consecutive order on the same page, or the footnotes are consecutive but Typing Manuscripts with Footnotes and Endnotes n different pages, use loc, cit. (the abbreviation for loco citato, meaning â€Å"in the place cited,†) if the two references are exactly the same place in the work first cited, and an intervening footnote appears between the two references, the author’s name is written, followed by loc. cit (Campbell) When the use of typing aids, and the suggestions for spacing, margins, pagination, together with the illustration of actual citations, references, and footnotes, typing manuscripts will no longer be a difficult task.

Argument Essay Death Penalty Essay Example

Argument Essay Death Penalty Essay Example Argument Essay Death Penalty Essay Argument Essay Death Penalty Essay Nicole Stewart Argument essay â€Å"The Death Penalty The death penalty also known as the Capital punishment has been argued that it is merely to fulfill a desire for revenge. Also many people often questioned whether its fair or not to continue with the death penalty. Whether or not the punishment is legal, it depends upon whether or not the punishment serves a valid point or purpose of a policy. The death penalty has been going on for years, and as the years go by, many other states are starting to make the death penalty legal. I personally feel that the court system should discontinue the death penalty. The death penalty only allows us to extend the pain. It allows us to continue to blame one another, to turn against one another, to learn to hate better. Although the death penalty punishes them for what they already done, its unclear that the murderer has the same right to live as their victim. Many people says that its cheaper to send a person on death row than to keep a criminal in for imprisonment without a possibility for parole. Even though its cheaper to do the death penalty, it does not mean for the court system to decide to kill a person. Its basically doing the same thing as the murderer was doing, but its more legal. Today, the death penalty is still uncertain in many cases if its just or unjust. Should a murderer get his own life taken or should it be called cruel unusual punishment. I often wonder if the Capitol punishment is a way to get revenge for what the murderers have done to their victims, which makes me question against the constitution. No matter how the death penalty is carried out, I feel as if no man should have the power to judge and sentence another to death. Although, what the murderers has done was not right, I feel like being in prison for life is good enough punishment for them.

MLT1 Task 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MLT1 Task 8 - Essay Example For cell in isotonic solution, the rate of water inflow into the cell and out flow equalizes. Sodium chloride solution of 0.9 is isotonic to animal cell. On the other hand, hypotonic is a term used to describe a solution with more water and less solutes compared to that that of a cell or another solution (Excerpta medica foundation, 2007). When a cell is in hypotonic solution, water moves into the cell. Finally, hypertonic refers to a solution with more solutes and less water compared to that of a cell or another solution. Staphylococcus epidermis exhibits less or no growth in a solution of sodium chloride of 1%. In solution of 7% and 15% staphylococcus epidermis increased in number and in size. At 1% solution of sodium chloride saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibited growth and reproduction. While at 7% and 15% they died because they could not withstand the osmotic pressure created. This shows that staphylococcus epidermis is highly resistant at high concentration of Sodium chloride and low resistance at low concentration of sodium chloride. On the other hand, saccharomyces cerevisiae are less resistant to high concentration of sodium chloride (excerpta medica foundation,

Diabetes and ways to prevent diabetes Research Paper

Diabetes and ways to prevent diabetes - Research Paper Example It will expound on these areas to bring out the real situation of diabetes in the world. More than 20 million people in the United States suffer from the diabetes disease, accounting for over eight percent of the whole population. Research has shown that there are three types of diabetes, where all of them have their own causes and occurrence. This disease affects all people regardless of their ethnicity, race, age and gender. With the high prevalence of diabetes in the modern society, it is important to gain knowledge about its causes to help in its prevention and control (1). The main causes of diabetes are either absolute lack of production of the insulin in the body or inability to process the insulin produced. The body requires energy to function well. It receives this energy in the form of starches and sugars, found in the foods consumed. The body produces the insulin, the hormone that changes food into energy (Cook, 2). There are two major types of diabetes. The first type of diabetes, type 1, occurs due to deficiency of the insulin after the destruction of the pancreatic b-cell islets. The type 2 diabetes happens due to insulin resistance or irregular insulin emission (Zimmet & Shaw, 782). Type two of diabetes accounts for 90 to 95% of diabetes cases. In addition, type 2 diabetes accounts for the recent epidemic outbreak of diabetes (Cheng, 2). In addition to type 1 and type 2 diabetes, there is exists the Gestational diabetes, which commonly occur during pregnancy. There are high chances of women who experiences gestational to develop diabetes type 2 after the pregnancy. The treatment of diabetes will depend on the severity of the disease (Case, 4). There are other unclassified types of diabetes caused by particular genetic imperfections of beta-cell function, insulin action, drugs or chemicals or diseases of the pancreas. These unclassified types of

External and Internal Environmental Analysis Essay - 4

External and Internal Environmental Analysis - Essay Example The world certainly operates in an era where the need to come up with efficient and reliable technology is of primary importance. Thus, Apple has no choice, but to go for innovation in order to meet the requirement of the society that constantly of in great demand for new innovative technologies. Considering that every nation has to protect its economic status, employing government policy is the usual trend. Thus, it is remarkable that Apple has to abide by the rules and regulations of every nation where there is a high need for its product offerings. On the other hand, as Porter suggested, in an industry, there must be five forces, which include, new entrants, substitute products, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, and rivalry among existing firms (Porter, 2003). Apple has to face the competition. That is the reality. At present, there are small scale new entrants and new brands in the industry that try to compete with Apple’s product offerings. There are also various substitute products around, which could be the great result of rivalry among existing firms. As a result, this increases the bargaining power of suppliers, because of the ongoing competition. In addition, provided that there are many firms out there like Apple which are competing in almost the same segment, the source of raw materials may substantially be a primary factor for profitability and sustainable competitive advantage. As a result, the bargaining power of suppliers is higher due to constant and high demand for raw materials. Apple’s marketing strategy is like no other, for it is the first and exemplary in its industry. Even in its marketing approach, the firm has substantially established an innovative marketing strategy and business model that make it a cut above the other in its industry. As a result, Apple ensures its production

The effect of Levis online community

The effect of Levis online community Methodology This section of the dissertation will focus on the area of the research design, the methodology conducted and it will also relate to the sample used, methods choice and the methodology criticism. The research which focuses on an online Levis community will use qualitative work to examine how Levis brand personalities influence young Chinese consumers, how this online Levis community affects people who communicated with each other and may strengthen their brand loyalty. Research Design For this dissertation, there are increasingly young Chinese consumers wearing Levis jeans on whom I might conduct and exploratory study to generate possible explanations. Because this research is an exploratory research, the major emphasis is on the discovery of the ideas and insights of consumers. Churchill and Iacobucci (2005: p77) described the purposes of exploratory research and suggested it should include, â€Å"formulating a problem for more precise investigation or for developing hypotheses and gating information about the practical problems of carrying out relevant research.† It is widely acknowledged that while quantitative approach emphasize on theory testing which means using existing theory tested and measured a specific research context (Carson et al. 2001); in long-standing tradition, qualitative research are considered to be exploratory in nature because studies are characterized by flexibility with respect to the research used (Churchill and Iacobucci, 2005). Gordon and Langmaid (1988) demonstrated the differences between qualitative research and quantitative research. Qualitative research concerned with understanding things rather than with measuring them using quantitative research; and â€Å"qualitative research emphasis is on in-depth understanding of how, why and in what context certain phenomena occur; and what impacts upon or influences such phenomena†¦.conversely, quantitative research is more relevant where the research emphasis is on comparison.† (Carson et al. 2001: p66) According to the differences, by using a qualitative a pproach, more in-depth study in the research process could provide information and insights with much more detailed and thorough level than quantitative analysis approach (Weischedel et al. 2005). For this dissertation, the intention of the research is to seek human views at the root of empirical experience on Levis jeans. So the qualitative research approach is more suitable for this dissertation. Because qualitative research approach focus on things really happen as researchers and people experience them. Besides, some characteristics of qualitative research were mentioned by Gordon and Langmaid (1988) which includes small samples of consumers which may not represent large populations; a wide different of techniques to collect data, not just a structured â€Å"question-and-answer† format; and access to the ways in which consumers express themselves. For this dissertation, the samples will be chosen from the online Levis community and a semi-structured interview questionnaire will be conducted during the research. Meanwhile, qualitative research is often carried out to examine consumers attitudes and behaviour in relation with a product category, usually with the specific aim of understanding consumers relationships with a specific brand (Proctor 2005, Gordon and Langmaid 1988). Kozinets (2002) also believed qualitative methods are mostly useful for illustrating the rich symbolic world that cause peoples needs, desires, meanings, and choices. Due to the research objectives of th is dissertation are exploring the attitudes of Chinese consumers who like to wear Levis jeans and show loyalty to this brand as well as perspectives towards one Levis online community, While quantitative research might be used to find differences between Levis normal consumers and Levis fans, qualitative research could be used to examine the attitudes, feeling and motivations of the Levis fans. Although, qualitative research has some limitations and disadvantages, such as small sample size (Gordon and Langmaid, 1988) and free-flowing discussion can result qualitative research projects with many different thought (McDaniel and Gates 2006). There are still some main advantages for qualitative research: first, it is usually much cheaper than quantitative research; second, there is no better way to understand the in-depth motivations and feelings of consumers (Proctor, 2005). According to these main advantages, the qualitative research will be developed during the research process. Secondary Data It is very important to understand market and brand background before doing research. So secondary data plays a crucial role in understanding this such as the market assessment of Levis in China as well as supports the research analysis. There are two types of secondary data. The first one is called internal database which means the company itself (Levis Company) and the second one is called external database which means other organizations or persons (McDaniel and Gates, 2006). In the dissertation, secondary data such as Levis annual report and GMID will be used to study the situation of Levis in China. Because Levis Company has a significant business performance in the world, some public media such as website, newspaper even textbook will be consulted to gain contextual information on this brand. The second data information we are looking for in this topic will also be conducted in the dissertation to strengthen the reality and accuracy of the market orientation. Sampling Sampling means using information which was obtained from a subset (a sample) to estimate about various characteristics of the total population (McDaniel and Gates, 2006). This research aims to seek the reason of young Chinese people like to wearing Levis jeans; therefore non-probability is appropriate to represent this purpose in small sample units. Because the respondence in non-probability samples is more rational representative if collected in a careful process. (McDaniel and Gates, 2006; Proctor, 2005) But the main problem of non-probability is the accuracy and the range of sample units (Forrest, 2003). Meanwhile, the results of using non-probability samples may not be projected to the total population (Proctor, 2005). Meanwhile the samples of this dissertation will be chosen from an online Levis community. McDaniel and Gates (2006) demonstrated the advantages of the Internet Sampling which included â€Å"target respondents can complete the survey at their convenience; the interview can be administered under software control; data collection is inexpensive.† (p315) However Chen and Hinton (1999) argued, online interviewing may include some sampling biases that should be thought by researchers considering the method; research methods are limited in their ability to survey members of the researchers target population because the motivation of potential interviewees to agree to being studied using the proposed method; and the ability of the method to include selected interviewees. In this project, interviewees will be obtained from their different levels in the online Levis community. The â€Å"level† in this Levis online community means the favorite level they like Levis jeans through t heir contributions such as Levis jeans photos they uploaded in this online community; Levis products introduction they wrote in this community, their own feelings about Levis products shared in this online community. The higher level they obtained means the more experience they had on Levis. The reason for choosing different level people is trying to investigate different voices and feedbacks as well as support the research objective to give further suggestions. In-depth Online Interview Qualitative researchers who use interviews as data collection tools believe that they can, â€Å"investigate elements of the social by asking people to talk and to gather or construct knowledge by listening to and interpreting what they say and to how they say it† (Mason, 2002: 225). For this project, by using interview method, it could examine interviewees feeling about Levis brand. Several researchers have found the usefulness of the internet to design and conduct qualitative research projects and online data collection methods are increasingly used (Gruber et. al. 2008). In this dissertation, I will focus on an online Levis Community and the netnography method which is used will be text-based online individual depth interviews with open ended questions. Interviewing is an important qualitative approach, because it is a highly personal process which means creating through personal communication. In-depth interviewing is defined by Neuman (1994: p246) as a social relationship a short-term, secondary social interaction between two strangers with the explicit purpose of one person obtaining specific information from the other. The use of in-depth interviews was seen as a suitable methodology which could obtain rich data through a detailed and open discussion with consumers and decision makers (OConnor and Madge, 2004). In many fields, online in-depth interview and face-to-face in-depth interview are similar processes for the researcher and both can be considered â€Å"†¦ conversations with a purpose† (Burgess, 1984: p102). However, there are still some differences between online interview and face-to-face interview. OConnor and Madge (2003) stated, comparing with face-to-face interview which would be impractical, costly and time consuming; online interview is conducted on the Internet, so that it has lower cost and is a convenient way to carry out. For this dissertation, because all the interviewees are young Chinese people, they are familiar with online environment; they are good at using chatting software such as MSN Messenger and QQ. Meanwhile, online interview method could avoid geographical problems. Gruber et al. (2008: p257) also mentioned, â€Å"Online interviews are cheaper to conduct than traditional interviews as there are no travel, venue renting and accommodation expenses. Researchers do not have to tape and transcribe online interviews as the online chat programmes that are used to conduct interviews automatically generate interview transcripts, which allow a quicker analysis of data; further, the whole interviewing process may be less stressful and more convenient for respondents as they can be interviewed at home or at work in a familiar and non-threatening environment.† Another advantage by conducting online interview for this project is the interviewees are the members of Levis online community. Qualitative on-line research, such as on-line in-depth interview, is particularly useful when the target population is small, very specialized in its skills, and difficult to find and recruit (Miller Dickson, 2001). On the other side, online interview also exist in some limitations and disadvantages. OConnor and Madge (2002) argued, although online interview could obtain rich and valuable to the researchers, there are many problems of online research so that online research should not be exaggerated and researchers should be aware of these problems. Firstly, Chen and Hinton (1999) concerned about limited samples and limited data during the online research process. They believed this sample limited problems could lead to non-specialized interviewing, such as the general assessment of a group which did not be defined because their access to the Internet. For this dissertation, the sample will be chosen in one online Levis community and the interviewees are members of this community. The second disadvantage is that online interview may receive less attention of interviewees and may not make interviewers to create rapport which is important to create a relationship with interviewees who are then wil ling to share information. (Chen and Hinton 1999; Gruber et al. 2008; OConnor and Madge 2003). The online interview is difference between face-to-face interview because online interview happened when both interviewer and interviewee fact to computer screen. â€Å"It may be that distractions result in respondents not being fully engaged with the interview whilst dealing with interruptions of which the interviewer may not be aware. In the face-to-face setting the interviewer can respond immediately to external factors, perhaps by suspending the interview, whereas the virtual interviewer, unable to see what is happening, may carry on regardless, not aware that s/he does not have the full attention of the respondent † (OConnor and Madge, 2003: p137) Gruber et al. (2008) demonstrated, during the online interview, because both of interviewer and interviewee face to computer screen, they cannot receive each others respondence such as body language, head nodding and facial expression s, as a result, researchers developing online interviewers can not able to observe if interviewees are losing interest in the chat or if they are annoyed or unclear about a particular question. As a result, there is no rapport was created. For this project, because the MSN messenger softer ware will be used as interview tool, this problem will also happen during this online interview process. Summary By summary, this research will focus on solely qualitative methodology. Secondary data will be used for an early stage of understood of the background of Levis in China. Online in-depth interview will be conducted in the exploration the reason of different consumers in one online Levis community like wearing Levis jeans. The limitations and disadvantages of online interview and sampling were also discussed in this chapter.

musical genres :: essays research papers

Music. Fascinating both by it’s diverse individual styles and the inevitable fusion of different genres which in turn have created other completely new and unique styles of music. Classical music is a perfect example. The earliest forms of classical music were composed in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and displayed a very complicated and sophisticated form of writing incorporating a wide range of instruments and used the principle of multi instrumentation which achieved a very full symphonic sound which in turn led to the creation of specially designed halls to facilitate the sound. The origins of the music were also diverse, many compositions having been written for the stage, composers such as ‘Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky’ who is responsible for the remarkable musical compositions of ‘Swan Lake’ and ‘The Nutcracker’ wrote his music for Ballet in a style which was not only captivating and enchanting, but also told a story. T chaikovsky was not the only composer to do this, ‘Richard Wagner’ who was a composer of Opera’s also wrote his music in a style that told a story. Wagner changed the concept of opera by viewing it as a ’total art work’ He wanted the Conductor to control all the elements of the dramatic production and to put them to work in projecting the drama through the Music. In the same diversified way the composers of the time wrote for dances to be performed on the stage, others wrote for dances that were popular at the time, such as the waltz, in this instance Composers such as ‘Josef Lanner’ and ‘Johann Strauss’ gave the waltz a whole new life. With their compositions the waltz gained sophistication and superiority Along with a distinctly Viennese light-hearted spirit. But not all classical music composers wrote for the stage or even for dance. Some composed music for the things they felt were important. ‘Johann Sebastian Bach ’ was amongst this group, he was a very religious man who composed for the church, primarily, he was a man of God, and often he would concentrate on the depth of his religion and put it back into his music, as an intense personal statement of faith. But where Bach wrote for the church composers such as ‘George Fredric Handel’ wrote for the general public he was a man of the world who loved to travel and who put this across in his music. Handel’s compositions varied where some were simple others were a lot more vigorous.